Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) refers to all procedures involving the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. It is a deeply rooted cultural practice, not endorsed by any religion, and is recognized internationally as a violation of human rights, particularly those of girls and women.
Type 1 (Clitoridectomy): Partial or total removal of the clitoris and/or the prepuce (the fold of skin surrounding the clitoris).
Type 2 (Excision): Partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without excision of
the labia majora.
Type 3 (Infibulation): Narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal. The outer labia are cut and repositioned, with or without the removal of the clitoris.
Type 4 All other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes, such as pricking, piercing, incising, scraping, and cauterization.
FGM is most commonly practiced in parts of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. However, due to migration, it is also found in other parts of the world, including Europe, North America, and Australia. An estimated 200 million girls and women alive today have undergone FGM.
FGM has no health benefits and can lead to a range of immediate and long-term health issues. These include severe pain, excessive bleeding, infections, complications during childbirth, psychological trauma, and, in some cases, death. FGM is also associated with increased risks of newborn deaths and obstetric complications.
FGM is often seen as a rite of passage, ensuring marriageability, preserving a girl's virginity, and controlling women's sexuality. It is also linked to cultural, social, and sometimes religious beliefs, although no religion mandates it.
Many countries have laws banning FGM, and international bodies, including the United Nations and WHO, advocate for its eradication. Efforts include raising awareness, supporting victims, implementing laws, and engaging community leaders in affected areas to challenge and change cultural norms.
Global campaigns, education, and advocacy are key to preventing FGM. Survivors require access to medical care, psychological support, and legal protection. Many organizations worldwide are working to provide safe spaces, healthcare, and empowerment programs for affected women and girls.
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